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Only the Triple Alliance was a formal 'alliance' the others listed were informal patterns of support.įor much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power among themselves, known as the Concert of Europe. Rival military coalitions in 1914: Triple Entente in green Triple Alliance in brown. After World War II began in 1939, the terms (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1) became more standard, with British Empire historians, including Canadians, favouring 'The First World War' and Americans 'World War I'. This is the Great War.' Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as ' the war to end war' and it was also described as 'the war to end all wars' due to their perception of its then-unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life. In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, 'Some wars name themselves. In August 1914, The Independent magazine wrote 'This is the Great War. Prior to World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. Charles à Court Repington, as a title for his memoirs (published in 1920) he had noted his discussion on the matter with a Major Johnstone of Harvard University in his diary entry of 10 September 1918. The term First World War had been used by Lt-Col.

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will become the first world war in the full sense of the word,' in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914. He claimed that 'there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' . The term world war was first coined in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel. Failure to manage the instability that resulted from this upheaval during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires resulted in the creation of new independent states, among them Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 brought the fighting to a close, while the Paris Peace Conference imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, the best-known being the Treaty of Versailles. Facing revolution at home, and with his army on the verge of mutiny, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November. Failure left the German Imperial Army exhausted and demoralised, and when the Allies took the offensive in August 1918, German forces could not stop the advance.īetween 29 September and 3 November 1918, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary agreed to armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Freed from the Eastern Front, Germany launched an offensive in the west on March 1918, hoping to achieve a decisive victory before American troops arrived in significant numbers.

The United States entered the war on the side of the Allies in April 1917, while the Bolsheviks seized power in the Russian October Revolution, and made peace with the Central Powers in early 1918. Fighting expanded onto secondary fronts as Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and most notably Italy.

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The Eastern Front was more fluid, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite a series of costly offensives. By the end of 1914, the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. However, this manuever failed due to heavy French and Belgian resistance, and British reinforcements. German strategy in 1914 was to first defeat France and bypass their fortifications by moving through Belgium, then attack Russia, known as the Schlieffen plan. Russia came to Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, defensive alliances had drawn in Germany, France, and Britain, with the Ottoman Empire joining the war in November. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. This reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The first decade of the 20th century saw increasing diplomatic tension between the European great powers. Millions more died as a result of genocide, while the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

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An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease.

Fighting occurred throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. It was fought between two coalitions, the Allies and the Central Powers.

World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history.